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Cold water supply pipes connected directly to the mains

In the UK these pipes usually only supply the kitchen cold tap, the cold water storage tank and sometimes instantaneous water heaters. In Australia and other countries, the pipes may supply all cold water taps and the hot water storage cylinder. The simple way of deciding whether any pipe or tap is supplied directly by the mains is by the pressure – taps supplied from a tank are what’s known as gravity-fed and the pressure of water is relatively low compared to mains pressure.

To turn off the water, look for the mains stop-valves. There may, in fact, be two: one inside the house where the mains pipe enters (under the kitchen sink, in the utility room, or even under the stairs); the other outside – either just inside the boundary of the property (near to a water meter, if you have one), or under the footpath outside the garden fence.

Outdoor stop-valves may be set as much as a metre (3 ft) down beneath a hinged cover or metal plate, and you may need a special ‘key’ which is really just a long rod with a square socket on the end which fits over the tap to turn it. In most cases, however, it’s simply a matter of reaching down to turn it off by nana or with a wrench. Some outdoor stop-valves also control a neighbour’s water supply, so do warn them if you’re turning it off. The stop-valve inside will either be a wheel type or an ordinary T-shaped type.

The only possible complication is if it hasn’t been touched for years and is stuck fast. A little penetrating oil and tapping it with a hammer will usually loosen it sufficiently. (It’s worth closing the stop-valve now and again to see that it doesn’t get stuck.)

Cold water supply pipes from a cold water storage tank

In the UK these pipes usually supply the bathroom cold taps, the WC cistern and the hot water cylinder. To close off the water supply in these pipes there’s often a stop-valve immediately alongside the cold water tank where the pipe exits. Turn this off first and then open all cold water taps. They’ll run dry almost immediately. If there isn’t a stop-valve, you have to drain the whole tank. So first you stop water entering the tank by either turning off the mains (as above) or by tying up the ball-valve in the tank so that it remains closed. Then you open all the taps in the house.

Hot water pipes

These are all supplied from a hot water cylinder, which in turn gets its cold water either from the cold tank or from the mains. Since hot water leaves the hot water storage cylinder from the top, it’s only the pressure of water going in at the bottom of the cylinder that forces the water out. Turn off the supply of cold water (either at the cold water tank, or at the mains) and you stop the flow. In this sort of situation the hot water cylinder remains full. If for any reason you need to drain this as well, use the drain cock near the bottom. It’s essential in this case to turn off either the immersion heater or boiler.

Polite Notice :

Outside working hours, London Plumbers Robuild offer emergency services only to our previous and existing clients.

EMERGENCY PIPE REPAIRS

TURNING OFF THE STOP TAP

Make sure the family knows where the mains stop tap is.
• do not force the handle if it has seized up — it could break it off.
• use hammer or wrench to tap the fitting while pouring penetrating oil down spindle.
• if you can’t free it call the water authority emergency service — they can turn the water off where your supply pipe leaves the mains.
• don’t reopen stop valve fully when turning on the supply until a permanent pipe repair is made. This reduces water pressure on a temporary seal.

TIP: MAKESHIFT REPAIRS If you don’t have the right materials to hand try this:
• bandage insulating tape round the pipe and hole
• cover with a 150mm (6in) piece of garden hosepipe slit along its length and tie with wire at each end, twisting ends of wire together with pliers
• wrap more tape tightly over this

Read this Old Central Heating, boilers,plumbing and drains systems

Leaks in domestic plumbing systems have a nasty habit of happening at the most inconvenient of times, often when it isn’t possible to carry out a proper permanent repair. What you need is a plumbing emergency first aid kit, and there are now several proprietary products available that will at least enable you to make a temporary repair and get the water flowing again. With any leak, the vital first step is to stop the flow of water. Even a small leak can create a surprisingly large pool of water in no time.

Stopping the flow in any pipe is relatively easy provided that you know the locations of the various stop-taps or valves that isolate parts of your water system, or cut it off completely from the mains supply. Water comes into the house through a pipe known as the rising main, and because water in this pipe(and others leading from it) is under mains pressure, leaks from it will be particularly serious.

It enters the house underground, and from there leads either to all the cold taps and a water heating system, or to just the cold tap in the kitchen and to a cold water storage tank. Leaks can result from a number of causes. Pipework may have been forced or strained at some point, resulting in a leak at one of the fittings connecting the lengths of pipe together, or in a fracture at a bend. Corrosion within pipes may lead to pinholes in pipe lengths, while frost damage can lead to bursts and splits in pipes and to leaks at fittings caused by ice forcing the fitting open. Whatever the cause, cutting off the water supply to the affected pipe is the first vital step.

Repairing leaking taps

Supataps

Changing the washer on this type of tap can be carried out in minutes, without the need to cut off the water supply first. Before you begin, check that you have a replacement Supatap washer and jumper unit. Once you’ve undone the retaining nut at the top of the nozzle you have to open up the tap fully — and then keep on turning. At first the flow will increase, but then, just before the nozzle comes off in your hand, a checkvalve inside the tap will fall into position and stop the flow.

You can separate the antisplash device, (containing the washer and jumper unit) from the nozzle by turning it upside down and tapping the nozzle on a hard surface — not a ceramic sink or basin. The washer and jumper unit then need to be prised from the anti-splash device — you can use a knife blade or the edge of a coin to do this. A new washer and jumper unit can then be snapped in. When reassembling the tap it’s necessary to remember that the nozzle has a left-hand thread and so has to be turned anti-clockwise to tighten it.

Repairing a poor seating

Sometimes a tap will continue to drip although you’ve changed the washer. This is usually because the valve seating has become scored and damaged by grit from the mains, so the washer can’t make a watertight connection. You can use a reseating tool to put the problem right. This entails removing the headgear after the water has been turned off, inserting the tool into the body of the tap and turning ittocutanew seating.

It won’t be worthwhile buying one of these tools for what is a once-in-a-lifetime job, but you may be able to hire one from a tool hire company. An alternative method, and certainly one that’s a lot easier, is to use a nylon ‘washer and seating set’. Again with the water supply off, the headgear and the washer and jumper are removed from the tap end and the nylon liner is placed in position over the seating. The jumper and washer are then inserted into the headgear, which is screwed back onto the tap. The tap handle is then turned to the off position. This action will force the liner into and over the old seating to give a watertight joint. You can’t, of course, use one of these sets to reseat a Supatap. You can also use a domed washer to cure a poor seating.

It increases the surface area in contact with the waterway and so effectively cuts off the flow when the tap is turned off even though the top of the valve seating may not be smooth. Repacking a gland This is necessary when you turn the tap on and water bubbles up the spindle towards the handle. At the same time the tap can be turned on and off far too easily — you might even be able to spin the handle with a flick of the fingers. This fault is a common cause of water hammer — heavy thudding following the closure of a tap or float-valve — that can result in damage to the plumbing system.

Leakage up the spindle is most likely to occur in rather old fashioned — but still very common — taps in which the spindle passes through a gland or ‘stuffing box’ filled with greased wool. It’s inevitable that water containing detergent will be splashed onto the tap and this may result in the grease being washed out of the gland. The leakage can also be created if you run a garden or washing machine hose from the tap. Fortunately, to make a repair you don’t have to cut off the water supply to the tap, but you must be able to get at the glandadjusting nut. This is the first nut through which the spindle passes.

Giving the gland-adjusting nut about half a turn may be enough to stop the leakage up the spindle, but eventually all the adjustment available will be taken up and you’ll then have to repack the gland. When the gland-adjusting nut has been unscrewed and removed, the old gland packing material can be taken out and replaced with knitting wool saturated with petroleum jelly. The wool is wound round the spindle and packed down tightly before the gland-adjusting nut is put back and tightened until the tap handle can be turned fairly easily but without any leaks occurring.

Replacing an O’ ring

Many modern taps have ‘0’ ring seals instead of a packed gland or stuffing box. If an ‘O’ ring fails the remedy is simply to undo the gland-adjusting nut, pick out the old ‘0’ ring and replace it with a new one. Leaks from taps with this fitting are rare. ‘O’ rings are also found at the swivel point of many mixer taps and if a leak occurs here you have to remove the spout to make the change – but this is usually only held with a grub-screw. Older Supataps aren’t fitted with an ‘O’ ring seal but if water leaks from the top of the nozzle you can fit a ring round the valve casing. Modern Supataps have an ‘0’ ring already fitted and if it needs replacing, it’s a simple matter of slipping it off and pushing on another — but choose one that fits snugly and doesn’t move about. If this doesn’t cure the leak you’ll have to replace theanti-splash device which could have become worn.

Bib taps have a tee-shaped or capstan handle and a horizontal inlet.

Pillar taps have a vertical inlet, can be made of metal or plastic with capstan or elbow-action handles or shrouded head. Made to fit holes in sinks, basins and baths.

Supataps are a patented pillar tap. The water control is on the nozzle and a washer can be changed without turning off the supply.

Mixers are pillar units in which hot and cold water meet and come out through a central spout.

• kitchen mixers have a divider in the spout – a regulation to stop mains (cold) and stored water (hot) mixing in one plumbing fitting
• bath mixers can have a shower attachment to divert mixed water up to a sprinkler.

TOOLS FOR TAP REPAIRS

• thin screwdriver is useful for prising off clipped on coverings, separating washer from jumper, removing ‘O’ rings, grub-screws
• cross-headed screwdriver might be needed for retaining-screw on some shrouded or mixer taps
• adjustable wrench or spanner is needed to remove the headgear.

Funny Plumber cartoon

Stopping taps leaking

Although taps are in frequent use, they rarely need maintenance. But if one starts to leak don’t ignore it. Leaking taps are not only annoying and wasteful, but also, if they are hot taps, expensive, you’ve paid to heat the water going down the drain.

A basin, kitchen, garden, tap is a device for controlling the flow of water at an outlet point, plumbing, and is opened and closed by turning a handle. This may be a ‘tee’ or ‘capstan’ type (so called because of the shape) fitted onto a spindle rising from the body of the tap. Or it may be a ‘shrouded head’, covering all of the upper part of the tap.

Turning the handle clockwise forces a jumper unit down onto a valve seating in the waterway of the tap and stops the flow of water. Because metal against metal doesn’t make a very tight seal, a synthetic rubber disc — a washer — is attached to the base of the jumper so that it beds firmly onto the seating. Turning the handle anti-clockwise raises the jumper from the seating and allows water to flow.

An exception to this is the Supatap where the nozzle is rotated to control the flow. When you open a tap water pressure will also force water round the jumper unit and, unless there is some way of preventing it, this would escape from round the spindle. To get round this problem some taps have ‘ 0 ‘ ring seals fitted to the spindle while older taps have greased wool packed tightly in a gland around the spindle. More modern taps have rubber tube for packing. Mixers work in exactly the same way as ordinary taps except that they have only one spout that combines the flow of water from the hot and cold supplies.

On kitchen mixers particularly this spout can be swivelled so that it can be pushed to one side to give better access to the sink or can supply a double sink. When a tap starts to leak, there’s a strong temptation either to ignore it or to try to stop it by closing it as tightly as you can. Such action is invariably ineffective and could lead to the valve seating being permanently damaged.

Where leaks occur

Basically there are three places a tap can leak: at the spout, in which case the washer and perhaps the seating will need looking at; at the spindle when the tap is turned on, which means either the packing in the gland or the ‘O’ ring has failed; or at the swivel point at the spout of a mixer tap, which means that the lO’ ring is at fault. All these repairs are easy to deal with. But first you must know the type of tap and the terminology related to it.

How washers are replaced

Conventional pillar tap
This is the basic type of tap design and provides a good example of the procedure to follow when replacing a washer. These taps are commonly used for the hot and cold water supply over the kitchen sink and in this position they are probably the most frequently used taps in the house. It’s quite likely that sooner or later the washers will need replacing. To do this you’ll first have to turn off the water supply either at the mains or, if you’re lucky, at isolating stop-valves under the sink which when shut cut off the supply either to the hot or cold tap without affecting the res of the system.

Turn on the tap fullv so it is drained before you start work. Usually with a pillar tap the spindle rises out of a dome-like easy-clean cover, which you should be able to unscrew by hand. If this proves too difficult, you can use e wrench, but pad the jaws thoroughly with rag to avoid damaging the finish on plated taps With the tap turned on fully you can then raise the cover sufficiently to slip the jaws of a wrench under it to grip the ‘flats’ of the headgear — the main body of the tap which has a nut-shaped section to it.

If you can’t do this you’ll need to take off the tap handle and easy-clean cover. First you’ll have tc remove the tiny grub-screw in the side of the handle which can then be lifted off. If this proves difficult a good tip is to open the tap fully, unscrew, then raise the easy-clean cover and place pieces of wood (a springloaded clothes peg will do) between the bottom of the easy-clean cover and the body of the tap.

By turning the tap handle as if you were trying to close it the upward pressure on the easy-clean cover, will force it off the spindle. However, you then have to replace it over the spindle just sufficiently to enable you to turn the tap on. When this is done take it off again and remove the easy-clean cover. While you are doing all this make sure you hold the tap steady. If the headgear is stiff and the entire tap turns you could damage the part of the sink into which the tap fits. You can now put the headgear to one side.

You should be able to see the jumper, with the washer attached, resting on the valve seating within the body of the tap (though sometimes it gets stuck and lifts out with the headgear). Often the washer is held in position on the jumper by a tiny nut which has to be undone with pliers before the washer can be replaced. This may be easier said than done, and rather than waste time attempting the all-but-impossible, it’s probably better to fit a new washer and jumper complete rather than just renewing the washer.

Tap with shrouded head
This is a pillar tap where the spindle is totally enclosed by an easy-clean cover that also acts as a handle to turn the tap on and off. Some shrouded heads are made of plastic and care is therefore needed when using wrenches. But the mystery of this tap is how to get to the inside — and methods vary with the make of tap. Some shrouded heads can simply be pulled off, perhaps after opening the tap fully and then giving another half turn.

Some are secured by atiny grub-screw in the side. But the commonest method of attaching the head is by a screw beneath the plastic ‘hot’ or ‘cold’ indicator. Prise the plastic bit off with a small screwdriver to reveal the retaining screw (normally a cross-headed screw). When the shrouded head has been removed you’ll find that you can unscrew the headgear to reach the interior of the tap in the same way as with an ordinary pillar tap. Rewashering can then be done in the same way.

If the jumper is not resting on the valve seating in the body of the tap, but is’pegged’ into the headgear so that it can be turned round and round but can’t be withdrawn, it’s slightly more of a problem to remove the washer-retaining nut. The easiest way is to fasten the jumper plate in a vice (although pliers will do) and turn the nut with a spanner. Some penetrating oil will help to free the thread. If after this you still can’t loosen the nut, a good tip is to slip the blade of a screwdriver between the plate of the jumper and the tap headgear and lever it to break the pegging.

A new jumper and washer can then be fitted complete, although the stem should be ‘burred’ or roughened with afile to give an ‘interference fit’ when it is slipped into the headgear.

Bib taps

These taps are treated in exactly the same way as a conventional pillar tap. You might find with a garden tap that there’s no easy-clean cover, so the headgear is already exposed.

There are several types of shower mixer available on the market. They fall into two types – those which simply mix the hot and cold flows, and those which make an effort to provide the mixed flows at a constant, preset, temperature. All of them are usually finished in chrome and the controls are made of a strong plastic or metal which will resist most knocks and blows.

This is a surface-mounted mixer control with separate supply pipes emerging through the wall to supply the control which provides power over flow and temperature.

Built-in mixer: This built-in control is supplies from behind the shower wall so that the supply pipes are hidden. These fittings are also available in various colours.

Thermostatic mixer: This thermostatic mixer is also supplied from behind and provides two separate controls – one for presetting the temperature, and one for adjusting the flow of the water once the user is inside the shower. Contact London Plumbers for more information.

Shower pumps, bathroom pumps, kitchen pumps & water pressure pumps

The commonest reasons why a shower, bath, kitchen taps, etc won’t work properly is low water pressure. Although the minimum distance between the base of the cold water cistern and the shower rose must be 1 m (3ft), for best results this distance ought to be 1 5m (5ft) or more. However, all is not lost if you can’t get this head because you can install a shower pump.

They’re not expensive and they can make the difference between a stimulating shower and a miserable, low-pressure trickle, which isn’t much good to anyone. Different types of pump are controlled in different ways. Most pumps are operated automatically when the water is turned on at the shower or kitchen tap by the movement of water in the pipes. London Plumbers can install a simple pump between the mixer and the shower rose outlet, but you may find it difficult to conceal.

On the other hand, automatic pumps must be connected into the water supply before it reaches the mixer, so it’s easier to choose a convenient site where the pump can be hidden from view or disguised. Shower pumps need quite a lot of plumbing in, and if you’re not careful about planning you may end up with a lot of exposed pipework.

It’s also worth remembering that when you wire up the electricity supply you have to connect the pump to a fused connection unit with a RCD device. The electrician will advise further. And if the pump is situated inside the bathroom it must be protected from steam and water (except in the case of units specially designed to be inside the shower cubicle).

Iron pipe in plumbing systems

Where alterations or repairs are made to iron pipe, it is wise to adapt the immediate area of the existing plumbing system to either copper or plastic pipes. This avoids the difficult job of threading new pipework, which requires the use of stocks and dies. These are not easily obtained and need considerable skill to achieve a satisfactory result. When connecting copper pipes to galvanized iron, use a special fitting designed to prevent ‘electrolytic’ corrosion. Iron pipes and fittings have to be loosened with a pair of Stillson wrenches.

A great deal of pressure from the plumber is often required, especially when joints are rusty. If necessary, you can use heat or penetrating oil to free stubborn joints, using the hacksaw as a last resort. When undoing the fitting, use one wrench to hold the adjacent pipe as you apply pressure with the other. Several fittings are available to adapt iron pipe. These have compression or capillary fittings at one end, and usually female threads at the other. When connecting to iron pipe, either plumber’s hemp and jointing compound or the more modern ptfe tape must be wrapped around the threaded end of the pipe, to ensure a watertight join, before the nut is fitted and tightened. If you are using hemp, first smear the thread with jointing compound, and then ‘tease’ out a suitable length of hemp. Wind this tightly around the pipe in the direction of the thread usually clockwise, starting about one thread back from the end of the pipe.

Do not use too much hemp or it will be forced off the thread when the nut is tightened. Ptfe tape should be bound around the thread at least a couple of times, again in the direction of the thread and leaving the first thread or so clear.
The nut should now be engaged on the thread and tightened with an adjustable spanner to complete the joint.